Additional wake turbulence information can be found in advisory circular ac 9023g, aircraft wake turbulence, and the faa aeronautical information manual. Contained within this quiz is 200 sample examination questions. Turbulence also occurs in the wake of moving aircraft whenever the airfoils exert lift wake turbulence. It provides basic flight information, atc procedures and general instructional information concerning health, medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, accident and hazard. Remember the larger the jet, the greater the vortices. Tc aim march 26, 2020 transport canada aeronautical information manual tc aim explanation of changes effectivemarch 26, 2020 notes. Online wake turbulence training aimed at avoidance techniques.
Aeronautical information manual aim wake turbulence. According to the aeronautical information manual aim, once a pilot has received traffic information and instructions to follow an aircraft and has accepted a visual approach clearance, it is the pilots responsibility to ensure safe takeoff and landing intervals and a flight path that will steer the airplane clear of potential wake. Nov 10, 2011 aeronautical information manual chapter 4. Also, in the pilotcontroller glossary that will become effective with the aeronautical information manual s aug. Bird hazards and flight over national refuges, parks, and forests section 6. Aeronautical charts and related publications section 1. Department of transportation federal aviation administration. Wake turbulence every effort is made to ensure that the information in this booklet is accurate and uptodate at the time of publishing, but many changes can occur over time, especially in. Oct 29, 2019 for a groundschoolstyle refresher on wake turbulence, see the aeronautical information manual s section 738, and note a revision in paragraph g that gives some guidance on wake turbulence parameters to report. Aircraft wake turbulence faa, 2002, and in the faa aeronautical information manual faa, 2006a, updated semiannually. Nov 12, 2001 aeronautical information manual, 739 because of the possible effects of wake turbulence, controllers are required to apply no less than specified minimum separation for aircraft operating behind a heavy jet and, in certain instances, behind large non heavy aircraft i. This disturbance is caused by a pair of counterrotating vortices trailing from the wing. To help gather data, the agency recently added information in the aeronautical information manual section about pilot responsibilities related to reporting wake turbulence, and encouraging operators to use the aviation safety reporting system asrs to report events. En route wake turbulence events have been influenced by changes to the aircraft fleet mix that have more super a380 and heavy b747, b777, a340, etc.
Initially, when pilots encountered this wake in flight, the disturbance was attributed to prop wash. Editorial and format changes were made throughout the. Wake turbulence is a disturbance created by aircraft lift which can produce undesirable flight characteristics to any who encounter the wake. Faa aeronautical information manual, chapter 7 safety of flight, section. Wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due to the strength and behavior of the vortices. Unfortunately, there is no information provided by the faa in the aeronautical information manual as to recommended separation criteria between light aircraft and helicopters for wake turbulence avoidance. Bird hazard and flight over national refuges, parks, and forests. Wake turbulence encounters at low altitude can be dangerous or downright deadly, regardless of the type of aircraft you fly. According to the aeronautical information manual aim, pilots should take the following precautions on departure and landing. An international version called the aeronautical information publication contains parallel information, as well as specific information on the international airports for. The strong rotor wake of the bell boeing v22 osprey tiltrotor can extend beyond the description in the manual. They tend to level off at about 275 m 900 ft below the flight path of the generating aircraft. This can impose rolling moments exceeding the roll.
The best practice is to follow the guidance provided in the aeronautical information manual aim regarding wake turbulence any time you are following a heavier aircraft. Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the atmosphere that forms behind an aircraft as it passes. General description of each chart series this change adds a description of the helicopter route chart series and the u. After issuing the caution for wake turbulence, the. Aeronautical information manual tc aim march 26, 2020 racrules of the air and air traffic services. The wind condition that requires the most caution when avoiding wake turbulence on landing is a light quartering tailwind.
It consists of 14 main topic areas, which include collision avoidance, visual signals, communication, aerodromes, equipment, pilot responsibilities, wake turbulence, aeromedical, etc. Wake turbulence is a phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere, similar to the wake you see on the water behind a moving boat. The quality assurance manual for flight procedure design doc 9906, volume 5. Wake turbulence tends to sink below the flight path of the generating aircraft, and into the flight path of aircraft operating below the aircraft generating the turbulence. The wake turbulence module addresses the hazard of flying into another aircrafts vortices. Finally, consider that wake from light aircraft may be a possible hazard. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft producing lift, creating a vortex that forms two counterrotating vorticies trailing behind the aircraft wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due to the strength and behavior of the vortices. The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow. So exercise great caution whenever you are landing or taking off behind someone who is heavier than you. Aeronautical information manual aim a primary faa publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about operating in the national airspace system of the u. Jetwash refers to the rapidly moving gases expelled from a jet engine. Wake turbulence from helicopters is just as dangerous as that from large airplanes. Initially, when pilots encountered this wake in flight.
There have been wake turbulence events in excess of 30nm and 2000 feet lower than the wake generating aircraft. Wake turbulence avoidance tips wake turbulence encounters at low altitude can be dangerous or downright deadly, regardless of the type of aircraft you fly. It includes various components, the most important of which are wingtip vortices and jetwash. Wake vortex turbulence is defined as turbulence which is generated by the. Aimed at avoidance techniques, the module highlights the guidance in federal aviation administration faa advisory circular ac 9023g, aeronautical information manual aim, safety alert for operators safo 12007 and 14007, information for operators info 06, and several faa notices on the topic.
Obtaining aeronautical charts this change reflects that chart sales are made through faa chart agents. Current aircraft separation standards related to wake vortex hazards have evolved over the past 40 years. Wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due to the strength, duration, and direction of the vortices. Wake turbulence wake turbulence is created only when the airplanes wings are developing lift. Along with each question you will find the references to aid you in determining the correct. A departing piper cherokee six managed to slam a trailing cessna 150 back onto the runway with damage. Aeronautical information manual aim safety of flight. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft producing lift, resulting in the formation of two counterrotating vortices trailing behind the aircraft. Every aircraft generates wake turbulence while in flight. The pilot of a light aircraft on final approach close behind a heavier aircraft should plan the approach to land. Aeronautical information manual aim federal aviation. The real dangers of encountering rotor wash boldmethod. Pdf aeronautical information manual official guide to basic. To test your knowledge on wake turbulence go to asfs web site.
Research is a key component in the faas ongoing effort to keep pace with wake turbulence and mitigate its impact on aviation safety. Wake turbulence strength diminishes with time and distance behind the generating aircraft. Further, turbulence generated within the vortices can damage aircraft. Department of transportation aeronautical information manual. Faa asks pilots to report all wake turbulence encounters. To help gather data, the agency recently added information in the aeronautical information manual section about pilot responsibilities related to reporting wake turbulence, and encouraging operators to use the. Pilots are reminded that in operations conducted behind all aircraft, acceptance of instructions from atc in the following situations is an acknowledgment that the pilot will ensure safe takeoff and landing intervals and accepts the responsibility for providing wake turbulence separation. Aeronautical information manual official guide to basic flight information and atc procedures. Nov 10, 2011 aeronautical information manual chapter 7. The pilot must learn to envision the location of the vortex wake generated by larger.
Referencepilotcontroller glossary term wake turbulence. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft producing lift, creating a vortex that forms two counterrotating vorticies trailing behind the aircraft. Wake turbulence every effort is made to ensure that the information in this booklet is accurate and uptodate at the time of publishing, but many changes can occur over time, especially in regard to airspace and legislation. Wake turbulence may be encountered by aircraft in flight as well as when operating on the airport movement area. For purposes of separation in the approach or departure phases within the uk, and regardless of the weight category as entered on. Additional wake turbulence information can be found in advisory circular ac 9023g, aircraft wake turbulence, and the faa aeronautical information manual aim. Guidance material for pilots is contained in faa advisory circular 9023f. Enroute wake vortex hazard skybrary aviation safety. Knowing where to expect turbulence helps a pilot avoid or minimize turbulence discomfort and hazards. Atc in the following situations is an acknowledgment that the pilot will ensure safe takeoff and. Communications release of ifr aircraft landing at an airport without an operating control tower 416. Aeronautical information manual chapter 7, section 3 wake turbulence aeronautical information manual chapter 6, section 1 emergency procedures airplane flying handbook chapter 16 emergency procedures warrior poh section 3 emergency procedures study questions emergency procedures 1.
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